Shatorna V.F., Lomyha L.L.

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Scentific article

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide and in Ukraine. According to the State Statistics Service, in 2021 the death rate in Ukraine due to cardiovascular disease amounted to 60 % of the total number of deaths. In addition, cardiovascular diseases significantly affect not only the duration but also the quality of life, so the treatment and prevention of CVD remains one of the main tasks of the WHO and the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. Over the decades, clinical, biological, morphological and statistical studies have identified the causes of cardiovascular disease are age, heredity, gender, bad habits, stress, nutrition, hypodynamics and environmental pollution. Recent studies have shown that increased levels of heavy metals in the environment are potentially dangerous to the cardiovascular system. The article presents an analysis of the world scientific literature on the effects of heavy metals in general and cadmium in particular on the morpho-physiological state of the organism and the cardiovascular system. Analysis of experimental data and indicators of cadmium exposure in the medical literature proves the negative impact of heavy metals and cadmium salts on the morpho-functional state of the cardiovascular system and morphogenesis of the heart. The correlation between the level of cadmium in the body and the occurrence and mortality rate from myocardial infarction has been proven. Recent studies have unequivocally shown that cadmium has the ability to accumulate in the heart and cross the placental barrier and modify the cardiogenesis of the embryonic heart. The level of accumulation of cadmium in the heart tissue is quite significant and leads to a violation of the trace element composition (dyselementosis), changing the level of zinc and calcium. The use of immunohistochemical markers allowed to determine that when exposed to cadmium there is a change in the basic histogenetic processes of the heart wall of embryos: proliferation, apoptosis, vasculogenesis, which provokes myocardial and vascular disorders. Comparison of the presented results of the scientific literature proves the feasibility and relevance of experimental work to detect the effects of cadmium salts on the functional state of the heart and blood vessels, and cardiogenesis when exposed to cadmium in pregnant experimental animals. Due to the different design of the study (route of administration, dose, sex, age), most of the results obtained cannot be compared to draw logical conclusions about the effects of cadmium on the cardiovascular system.

cadmium, heavy metals, experiment, heart, vessels.

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«Bulletin of problems biology and medicine» Issue 2 Part 1 (164), 2022 year, 79-88 pages, index UDK 611.12/13–053.13:616–007.7–092.9:669.018.674

10.29254/2077-4214-2022-2-1-164-79-88