Litvinova V. V., Lavrentyeva K. V., Skliar T. V.

LITERATURE REVIEWS

Scentific article

Excessive and unbalanced use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers in order to increase the productivity of agricultural plants adversely affects the acid-base properties, chemical composition and biological component of the soil. As a result, its phytosanitary condition deteriorates, fertility declines. Recently, the world has seen a transition to the practice of biologization of agriculture, which consists in replacing chemicals with ecologically safe biofertilizers based on soil microorganisms that not only promote the improvement of mineral nutrition of plants and increase their productivity, but also enhance its resistance to stress factors, inhibit the multiplication of phytopathogenic species, reduce the pesticide load on agrocenosis. In this regard, the development and introduction of such preparations in agriculture is especially relevant. Of considerable interest are biofertilizers based on phosphate-mobilizing soil microflora, capable of translating poorly soluble phosphorus compounds in the soil into a soluble form and thereby optimizing the phosphorous nutrition of plants. It is to this promising direction of biotechnology that this literature review is devoted. The paper contains data on the content and quantitative ratio of phosphate forms in the soils of Ukraine, the role of phosphorus and its compounds in the vital activity of the plant organism. It is shown that in black earth phosphorus is mainly in the form of sparingly soluble mineral salts, which contain a phosphate anion bound to the cations Ca2+ , Mg 2+ , Al 3+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ . Most of the organic compounds of phosphorus are represented by humus, phosphatides, sugar phosphates, nucleic acids, phytin and phytates with a low rate of mineralization. It is known that the rhizosphere phosphate-mobilizing microflora plays the main role in the transformation of poorly soluble inorganic and organic phosphates. Its species composition is represented by bacteria (Bacillus sp., B. megaterium, B. mycoides, B. cereus, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas sp., P. putida, P. striata, P. fluorescens, Erwinia sp., Enterobacter sp., Micrococcus sp., etc.), fungi (Aspergillus awamori, A. niger, A. flavus, Morteirella sp., Micromonospora sp., Mucor. sp., Penicillium digitatum, P. lilacinium, P. balaji, etc.) actinomycetes (Actinomyces sp., Streptomyces sp.), cyanobacteria (Anabena sp., Nostoc sp., Scytonema sp.). Many research works indicate that the transformation of phosphorus-containing compounds by these microorganisms can occur in accordance with three basic mechanisms: acid dissolution of phosphates; formation of chelated complexes with metal cations in the composition of mineral phosphorus-containing compounds by organic acids; enzymatic cleavage of organic compounds of phosphorus. On the basis of the most active of the isolated strains of soil phosphate-mobilizing bacteria, a number of mono- and complex biofertilizers have been created (“Polymyxobacterin”, “Phosphoenterin”, “Albobacterin”, “BiocomplexBTU”, “Ecovital”, “Nitrozlak”, “Organic Balance”), the effectiveness of which has been confirmed experimentally in numerous laboratory and field studies.

phosphorus, phosphate-mobilizing microflora, phosphate mobilization, biofertilizers

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«Bulletin of problems biology and medicine» Issue 1 Part 1 (142), 2018 year, 40-45 pages, index UDK 631. 461 (477.63)

10.29254/2077-4214-2018-1-1-142-40-45